football article
football article
This article is about the overall concept of games called football. For the balls themselves, see Football (ball). For specific versions of the game and other uses of the term,Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word football normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly called football include association football(known as soccer in some countries); gridiron football(specifically American football or Canadian football); Australian rules football; rugby football (either rugby unionor rugby league); and Gaelic football.[1][2] These various forms of football share to varying extent common origins and are known as football codes.There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, or prehistoric ball games played in many different parts of the world.[3][4][5] Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the 19th century.[6][7] The expansion and cultural influence of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside the directly controlled Empire.[8] By the end of the 19th century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic football, for example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage.[9] In 1888, The Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of many professional football competitions. During the 20th century, several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world.[10]
Contents
• 1Common elements
• 2Etymology
• 3Early history
o 3.1Ancient games
o 3.2Medieval and early modern Europe
o 3.3Calcio Fiorentino
o 3.4Official disapproval and attempts to ban football
• 4Establishment of modern codes
o 4.1English public schools
o 4.2Firsts
o 4.3Cambridge rules
o 4.4Sheffield rules
o 4.5Australian rules football
o 4.6Football Association
o 4.7Rugby football
o 4.8North American football codes
o 4.9Gaelic football
o 4.10Schism in Rugby football
o 4.11Globalisation of association football
o 4.12Further divergence of the two rugby codes
• 5Use of the word "football"
• 6Popularity
• 7Football codes board
o 7.1Football codes development tree
• 8Present day codes and families
o 8.1Association football and descendants
o 8.2Rugby school football and descendants
o 8.3Irish and Australian varieties
o 8.4Surviving medieval ball games
o 8.5Surviving UK school games
o 8.6Recent inventions and hybrid games
o 8.7Tabletop games, video games and other recreations
• 9See also
• 10Notes
• 11References
Common elements
The various codes of football share certain common elements and can be grouped into two main classes of football: carrying codes like American football, Canadian football, Australian football, rugby union and rugby league, where the ball is moved about the field while being held in the hands or thrown, and kicking codes such as Association football and Gaelic football, where the ball is moved primarily with the feet, and where handling is strictly limited.[11]
Common rules among the sports include:[12]
• Two teams of usually between 11 and 18 players; some variations that have fewer players (five or more per team) are also popular.
• A clearly defined area in which to play the game.
• Scoring goals or points by moving the ball to an opposing team's end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line.
• Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts.
• The goal or line being defended by the opposing team.
• Players using only their body to move the ball.
In all codes, common skills include passing, tackling, evasion of tackles, catching and kicking.[11] In most codes, there are rules restricting the movement of players offside, and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the goalposts.
Etymology
Main article: Football (word)
There are conflicting explanations of the origin of the word "football". It is widely assumed that the word "football" (or the phrase "foot ball") refers to the action of the foot kicking a ball.[13] There is an alternative explanation, which is that football originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe, which were played on foot. There is no conclusive evidence for either explanation.
Early history
Ancient games
See also: Episkyros and Cuju
Ancient China
The Chinese competitive game cuju (蹴鞠), as stated by FIFA, is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence and appears in a military manual dated to the second and third centuries BC.[14] It existed during the Han dynasty and possibly the Qin dynasty, in the second and third centuries BC.[15] The Japanese version of cuju is kemari (蹴鞠), and was developed during the Asuka period.[16] This is known to have been played within the Japanese imperial court in Kyoto from about 600 AD. In kemari several people stand in a circle and kick a ball to each other, trying not to let the ball drop to the ground (much like keepie uppie).
Ancient Greece and Romans
The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. The Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a Greek team game known as "ἐπίσκυρος" (Episkyros)[17][18] or "φαινίνδα" (phaininda),[19] which is mentioned by a Greek playwright, Antiphanes (388–311 BC) and later referred to by the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 – c. 215 AD). These games appear to have resembled rugby football.[20][21][22][23][24] The Roman politician Cicero (106–43 BC) describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barber's shop. Roman ball games already knew the air-filled ball, the follis.[25][26] Episkyros is recognised as an early form of football by FIFA.[27]
Native Americans
There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, or prehistoric ball games, played by indigenous peoples in many different parts of the world. For example, in 1586, men from a ship commanded by an English explorer named John Davis, went ashore to play a form of football with Inuit (Eskimo) people in Greenland.[28] There are later accounts of an Inuit game played on ice, called Aqsaqtuk. Each match began with two teams facing each other in parallel lines, before attempting to kick the ball through each other team's line and then at a goal. In 1610, William Strachey, a colonist at Jamestown, Virginia recorded a game played by Native Americans, called Pahsaheman.[citation needed] Pasuckuakohowog, a game similar to modern-day association football played amongst Amerindians, was also reported as early as the 17th century.
Games played in Mesoamerica with rubber balls by indigenous peoples are also well-documented as existing since before this time, but these had more similarities to basketball or volleyball, and no links have been found between such games and modern football sports. Northeastern American Indians, especially the Iroquois Confederation, played a game which made use of net racquets to throw and catch a small ball; however, although it is a ball-goal foot game, lacrosse (as its modern descendant is called) is likewise not usually classed as a form of "football.
Oceania
On the Australian continent several tribes of indigenous people played kicking and catching games with stuffed balls which have been generalised by historians as Marn Grook (Djab Wurrung for "game ball"). The earliest historical account is an anecdote from the 1878 book by Robert Brough-Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, in which a man called Richard Thomas is quoted as saying, in about 1841 in Victoria, Australia, that he had witnessed Aboriginal people playing the game: "Mr Thomas describes how the foremost player will drop kick a ball made from the skin of a possum and how other players leap into the air in order to catch it." Some historians have theorised that Marn Grook was one of the origins of Australian rules football.
The Māori in New Zealand played a game called Ki-o-rahi consisting of teams of seven players play on a circular field divided into zones, and score points by touching the 'pou' (boundary markers) and hitting a central 'tupu' or target.[citation needed]
These games and others may well go far back into antiquity. However, the main sources of modern football codes appear to lie in western Europe, especially England.
Australian rules football
There is archival evidence of "foot-ball" games being played in various parts of Australia throughout the first half of the 19th century. The origins of an organised game of football known today as Australian rules football can be traced back to 1858 in Melbourne, the capital city of Victoria.
In July 1858, Tom Wills, an Australian-born cricketer educated at Rugby School in England, wrote a letter to Bell's Life in Victoria & Sporting Chronicle, calling for a "foot-ball club" with a "code of laws" to keep cricketers fit during winter.[101] This is considered by historians to be a defining moment in the creation of Australian rules football. Through publicity and personal contacts Wills was able to co-ordinate football matches in Melbourne that experimented with various rules,[102] the first of which was played on 31 July 1858. One week later, Wills umpired a schoolboys match between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College. Following these matches, organised football in Melbourne rapidly increased in popularity.
Wills and others involved in these early matches formed the Melbourne Football Club (the oldest surviving Australian football club) on 14 May 1859. Club members Wills, William Hammersley, J. B. Thompson and Thomas H. Smith met with the intention of forming a set of rules that would be widely adopted by other clubs. The committee debated rules used in English public school games; Wills pushed for various rugby football rules he learnt during his schooling. The first rules share similarities with these games, and were shaped to suit to Australian conditions. H. C. A. Harrison, a seminal figure in Australian football, recalled that his cousin Wills wanted "a game of our own".[103] The code was distinctive in the prevalence of the mark, free kick, tackling, lack of an offside rule and that players were specifically penalised for throwing the ball.
The Melbourne football rules were widely distributed and gradually adopted by the other Victorian clubs. The rules were updated several times during the 1860s to accommodate the rules of other influential Victorian football clubs. A significant redraft in 1866 by H. C. A. Harrison's committee accommodated the Geelong Football Club's rules, making the game then known as "Victorian Rules" increasingly distinct from other codes. It soon adopted cricket fields and an oval ball, used specialised goal and behind posts, and featured bouncing the ball while running and spectacular high marking. The game spread quickly to other Australian colonies. Outside its heartland in southern Australia, the code experienced a significant period of decline following World War I but has since grown throughout Australia and in other parts of the world, and the Australian Football League emerged as the dominant professional competition.
Rugby school football and descendants
These codes have in common the ability of players to carry the ball with their hands, and to throw it to teammates, unlike association football where the use of hands during play is prohibited by anyone except the goal keeper. They also feature various methods of scoring based upon whether the ball is carried into the goal area, or kicked above the goalposts.
• Rugby football
o Rugby union
Mini rugby a variety for children.
Rugby sevens and Rugby tens – variants for teams of reduced size.Rugby league sevens and Rugby league nines – variants for teams of reduced size.
o Beach rugby – rugby played on sand
o Touch rugby – generic name for forms of rugby football which do not feature tackles, one variant has been formalised
o Tag Rugby – non-contact variant in which a flag attached to a player is removed to indicate a tackle.
• Gridiron football
o American football – called "football" in the United States and Canada, and "gridiron" in Australia and New Zealand.
Nine-man football, eight-man football, six-man football – variants played primarily by smaller high schools that lack enough players to field full teams.
Street football/backyard football – played without equipment or official fields and with simplified rules
Flag football – non-contact variant in which a flag attached to a player is removed to indicate a tackle.
Touch football – non-tackle variants
o Canadian football – called simply "football" in Canada; "football" in Canada can mean either Canadian or American football depending on context. All of the variants listed for American football are also attested for Canadian football.
o Indoor football – indoor variants, particularly arena football
o Wheelchair football – variant adapted to play by athletes with physical disabilities
See also: Comparison of American football and rugby league, Comparison of American football and rugby union, Comparison of Canadian and American football, and Comparison of rugby league and rugby union.
Irish and Australian varieties
These codes have in common the absence of an offside rule, the prohibition of continuous carrying of the ball (requiring a periodic bounce or solo (toe-kick), depending on the code) while running, handpassing by punching or tapping the ball rather than throwing it, and other traditions.
• Australian rules football – officially known as "Australian football", and informally as "football", "footy" or "Aussie rules". In some areas it is referred to as "AFL", the name of the main organising body and competition
o Auskick – a version of Australian rules designed by the AFL for young children
o Metro footy (or Metro rules footy) – a modified version invented by the USAFL, for use on gridiron fields in North American cities (which often lack grounds large enough for conventional Australian rules matches)
o Kick-to-kick – informal versions of the game
o 9-a-side footy – a more open, running variety of Australian rules, requiring 18 players in total and a proportionally smaller playing area (includes contact and non-contact varieties)
o Rec footy – "Recreational Football", a modified non-contact variation of Australian rules, created by the AFL, which replaces tackles with tags
o Touch Aussie Rules – a non-tackle variation of Australian Rules played only in the United Kingdom
o Samoa rules – localised version adapted to Samoan conditions, such as the use of rugby football fields
o Masters Australian football (a.k.a. Superules) – reduced contact version introduced for competitions limited to players over 30 years of age
o Women's Australian rules football – women's competition played with a smaller ball and (sometimes) reduced contact
• Gaelic football – Played predominantly in Ireland. Commonly referred to as "football" or "Gaelic"
o Ladies Gaelic football
• International rules football – a compromise code used for international representative matches between Australian rules football players and Gaelic football players
See also: Comparison of Australian rules football and Gaelic football.
Surviving medieval ball games
Inside the UK
• The Haxey Hood, played on Epiphany in Haxey, Lincolnshire
• Shrove Tuesday games
o Scoring the Hales in Alnwick, Northumberland
o Royal Shrovetide Football in Ashbourne, Derbyshire
o The Shrovetide Ball Game in Atherstone, Warwickshire
o The Shrove Tuesday Football Ceremony of the Purbeck Marblers in Corfe Castle, Dorset
o Hurling the Silver Ball at St Columb Major in Cornwall
o The Ball Game in Sedgefield, County Durham
• In Scotland the Ba game ("Ball Game") is still popular around Christmas and Hogmanay at:
o Duns, Berwickshire
o Scone, Perthshire
o Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands
Outside the UK
• Calcio Fiorentino – a modern revival of Renaissance football from 16th century Florence.
• la Soule – a modern revival of French medieval football
• lelo burti – a Georgian traditional football game.
Football codes
Association
• Amputee
• Beach
• Crab
• Five-a-side
o Futsal
o Indoor
• Freestyle
• Keepie uppie
o Footbag
• Paralympic
o Powerchair
• Jorkyball
• Roller
• Rush goalie
• Swamp
• Street
• Three-sided
• Walking
Australian rules
• AFLX
• Lightning football
• Metro footy
• Nine-a-side
• Rec footy
Gridiron
• American
o Eight-man
o Flag
o Indoor
o Nine-man
o Six-man
o Sprint
o Touch
o Wheelchair
• Arena
• Canadian
Rugby
• League
o Masters
o Mod
o Nines
o Sevens
o Tag
o Wheelchair
• Union
o American flag
o Beach
o Mini
o Sevens
o Snow
o Tag
o Touch
o Tens
o X
• Tambo
• Touch
• Wheelchair
Other
• Circle rules
• Gaelic
Rules and regulations
• Association
• Gridiron
o American
• Rugby league
• Rugby union
Hybrid codes
• Austus
• Eton wall game
• International rules
• Samoa rules
• Speedball
• Swedish
• Universal
• Volata
Ancient games
• Caid
• Cuju
• Calcio Fiorentino
• English school games
• Episkyros
• Harpastum
• La soule
• Marn Grook
• Medieval
o Ba
o Camping
o Cnapan
o Cornish hurling
o Old Division
o Royal Shrovetide
o Uppies and Downies
History
• American
o Early
o Modern
• Association
• Australian rules
• Rugby league
• Rugby union
Comparisons
• American and Canadian
• American and rugby league
• American and rugby union
• Association and futsal
• Association and rugby union
• Canadian and rugby league
• Canadian and rugby union
• Gaelic and Australian rules
• Gaelic and rugby union
• Rugby league and rugby union
Memorabilia
• American football card
• Association football card
• Australian rules football card
• Rugby card
Related articles
•Attempts to ban football games
• Oldest clubs
• Oldest competitions
Team sports
• Sport
• Governing bodies
• Sportspeople
• National sport
Basket sports
o beach
o deaf
o 3x3
o water
o wheelchair
• Cestoball
• Korfball
• Netball
o Fast5
o indoor
o wheelchair
• Rezball
• Ringball
• Slamball
Football codes
• Association football
o amputee
o beach
o freestyle
o Futsal
o indoor
o Jorkyball
o paralympic
o powerchair
o roller
o street
o Gol Koochik
o walking
• Australian rules football
o AFLX
o Lightning football
o Metro footy
o Nine-a-side
o Rec footy
• Gaelic football
o Ladies'
Gridiron codes
Circle rules football
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